Magnetic Portals Connect Sun And Earth
ScienceDaily (Nov. 2, 2008) — During the time it takes you to read this article, something will happen high overhead that until recently many scientists didn't believe in. A magnetic portal will open, linking Earth to the sun 93 million miles away. Tons of high-energy particles may flow through the opening before it closes again, around the time you reach the end of the page.
"It's called a flux transfer event or 'FTE,'" says space physicist David Sibeck of the Goddard Space Flight Center. "Ten years ago I was pretty sure they didn't exist, but now the evidence is incontrovertible."
Indeed, today Sibeck is telling an international assembly of space physicists at the 2008 Plasma Workshop in Huntsville, Alabama, that FTEs are not just common, but possibly twice as common as anyone had ever imagined.
Researchers have long known that the Earth and sun must be connected. Earth's magnetosphere (the magnetic bubble that surrounds our planet) is filled with particles from the sun that arrive via the solar wind and penetrate the planet's magnetic defenses. They enter by following magnetic field lines that can be traced from terra firma all the way back to the sun's atmosphere.
"We used to think the connection was permanent and that solar wind could trickle into the near-Earth environment anytime the wind was active," says Sibeck. "We were wrong. The connections are not steady at all. They are often brief, bursty and very dynamic."
Several speakers at the Workshop have outlined how FTEs form: On the dayside of Earth (the side closest to the sun), Earth's magnetic field presses against the sun's magnetic field. Approximately every eight minutes, the two fields briefly merge or "reconnect," forming a portal through which particles can flow. The portal takes the form of a magnetic cylinder about as wide as Earth. The European Space Agency's fleet of four Cluster spacecraft and NASA's five THEMIS probes have flown through and surrounded these cylinders, measuring their dimensions and sensing the particles that shoot through. "They're real," says Sibeck.
Now that Cluster and THEMIS have directly sampled FTEs, theorists can use those measurements to simulate FTEs in their computers and predict how they might behave. Space physicist Jimmy Raeder of the University of New Hampshire presented one such simulation at the Workshop. He told his colleagues that the cylindrical portals tend to form above Earth's equator and then roll over Earth's winter pole. In December, FTEs roll over the north pole; in July they roll over the south pole.
Sibeck believes this is happening twice as often as previously thought. "I think there are two varieties of FTEs: active and passive." Active FTEs are magnetic cylinders that allow particles to flow through rather easily; they are important conduits of energy for Earth's magnetosphere. Passive FTEs are magnetic cylinders that offer more resistance; their internal structure does not admit such an easy flow of particles and fields. (For experts: Active FTEs form at equatorial latitudes when the IMF tips south; passive FTEs form at higher latitudes when the IMF tips north.) Sibeck has calculated the properties of passive FTEs and he is encouraging his colleagues to hunt for signs of them in data from THEMIS and Cluster. "Passive FTEs may not be very important, but until we know more about them we can't be sure."
There are many unanswered questions: Why do the portals form every 8 minutes? How do magnetic fields inside the cylinder twist and coil? "We're doing some heavy thinking about this at the Workshop," says Sibeck.
Meanwhile, high above your head, a new portal is opening, connecting your planet to the sun.
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The night air was cold and damp, 23 year old Mathew stood outside the old warehouse he now called home. His dirty blonde hair slightly stirred as a quick breezed blew past his face. He stood about five feet and five inches off the cement. His blue eyes fixed on any movement up the street. From behind came Julie, she walked silently and placed her hand on his shoulder. He was slightly startled, but didn't flinch. "Damn it's cold. Come on back in, nothing is going to happen tonight," she told him.
"How do you know that?" Mathew questioned.
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"Alright," Mathew turned around and stared into Julie's green eyes, "Let's hope they haven't changed." As Julie swiftly turned around her long blonde hair whipped up and then back down, they both walked into the warehouse. Justin was lying on the ragged couch; Lisa and Dave were in the look out towers for anything. And Alexis was checking supplies in the back. Mathew walked over to Justin and lightly slapped his knee.
"Move over man," Mathew demanded.
"You know you're really annoying, you always have to sit on the couch. You know there is a floor," Justin remarked.
"Well yeah I know there is a floor but I love annoying you. If only I got paid for it, man I'd be rich," Mathew shot back.
Justin was about five foot ten inches, with very short black hair, and brown eyes. He was more of a joker then a fighter, but when the time came he could take care of himself, hell he'd been on his own for five years before Skaglers picked him up.
Skaglers was the name of our gang; it was about seven years old. Julie started it when she ran away from home. Although they didn't like to take things from innocent people, sometimes they had too.
"If you were rich we would have more medical supplies," Alexis said as she sat between Mathew and Justin.
"How much we got left?" Justin asked.
"Oh well one more fight and we'll be out," Alexia told him.
"So I guess we got to go into town tomorrow huh?" Lisa wondered. She had climbed down from her perch to see what everyone was talking about. She was like most others, a runaway with the right to be in the Skaglers. She was 5'7 and had shorter blonde hair. The weird thing was she had one blue eye and one green. Dave thought that was the source of her strength.
"Yeah looks like. Those stupid cashiers, all we need is my body to et stuff from them," Alexis said. Everyone let out a small, well needed laugh.
"So what did I miss?" asked Julie sneaking up behind Mathew to tickle him.
"We are running very low on med stuff so Alexy and I are going into town tomorrow," Lisa said.
"HEY! You know how much I hate it when you call me Alexy," Alexis snapped.
"And that would be why we all call you it," Mathew told her.
"Yeah you know we are all just having fun," Julie said as she tried to get comfortable on Mathew's lap, "HEY DAVE! NOTHING HAPPENING TONIGHT, COME ONE DOWN HERE!" Julie screamed.
Be
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